No silver bullet Any one mechanism may be insufficient to stop an attack, e.g. People are finding (rare) ways to get around AMD64 PAE NX Propolice does not protect all stack frames Too much entropy --> too much fragmentation No mathematical proof that a collection of mechanism blocks attacks But that is not same as saying "Don't try to block attacks" (And we are targetting the specific low-level features that attackers use) What follows is a list of such mechanisms...